Analysis of the Normative Data on Linguistic Profile Test

Analysis of the Normative Data on Linguistic Profile Test Normative Data of Linguistic Profile Test on the Elderly Population: a Comparison of Literates and Illiterates INTRODUCTION Literacy is a basic human right and keystone for lifelong learning. It is fully vital to human development in its ability to alter lives. In 1951, UNESCO defined literacy as the aptitude of a person who can read and write, and has the ability to write about their daily life. UNESCO later revised this definition in 1978, now referring to the literate person as one who has the capability to participate in all activities in which literacy is necessary for â€Å"effective functioning in his group and community and also for enabling him to continue to use reading, writing, and calculation for his own and community’s development† (Soares, 1992). The change in UNESCO’s definition reflects modification from a narrow set of behaviors in reading and writing to a broader sense of skills including mathematics. In UNESCO’s publication, literacy is viewed from a social-psycholinguistic viewpoint, one in which literacy constitutes more than the ability to read and write, extending also to the use of oral and written language as well as other sign systems, such as arithmetic and art, to make sense of the world and communicate with others (Berghoff 1998, Harste, Woodward, Burke 1986, Heath 1984, Halliday 1975). Other definitions of literacy emerged in 1992 when the National Institute for Literacy Council defined the term as involving the ability to write and read, to make use of oral and written language in all respects, and to critically and successfully use oral and written language for all purposes. The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 defines literacy as competence in the ability to read, write, and speak, to compute and solve problems at levels of proficiency necessary to function on the job, and to do so in personal and professional situations. This interpretation denotes a broader view of literacy, instead of the more simplified determination of an individuals ability to read, which the more conventional concept of literacy is. India does not have any reliable indicator of who is a literate person. Indian government defines literacy as the capability of a person to read and write. A person who can only read but cannot write is not considered as a literate. Illiteracy in India is characterized by ample proportions between the urban and rural populations. The rural population depends on agriculture mainly and high illiteracy rate can be noticed here, while the urban population is more of the ‘employee class’ and also more educated. Even between the male and female population, there is a wide discrepancy in literacy. The literacy rate of male is 82.14% and female 65.46% according to census in 2011. Language is the most important aspect in life of all beings. We use language to convey our inner thoughts and emotions make sense of complex and abstract thoughts, to fulfill our wants and demands, as well as to uphold our culture. Language is divided into major 3 components- Form, Content and Use (Bloom Lahey, 1978). Form consist syntax, morphology and phonology- the components that connect sounds or symbols with meaning. Conventionally, the study of language has been equated with Form only. Content includes meaning or semantics and Use includes pragmatics. Phonology is the study of sound systems in language. It includes how speech sounds are classified and structured and how they are used in a particular language. Syntax is the basic structure of language. It is the way in which humans form meaningful sentences and understand it. Sentences have to follow certain structural rulesin order to make sense. We cannot use any words together to make a sentence. Studying syntax helps to understand how children acquire their language, how they start constructing sentences and what stage do they learn the syntactic rules of the language. Syntax can also be learnt to understand how adults construct sentences and also the changes that has been seen after a brain injury. Semantics is the study of meaning. Meaning is the set of associations that a word evokes. The growth of vocabulary continues throughout a person’s lifetime. Through the school years, words are added to the speaker’s vocabulary. This acquisition of vocabulary involves m ore than adding items to one’s lexical list. Semantics also involves the sorting of words into categories. Assessment is one of the major tools that are used by a speech-language pathologist. A thorough assessment leads to accurate diagnosis, identification of etiology and also provides a foundation for treatment. Chaotic assessment leads to wasted time and energy, and eventually to inaccurate conclusions and incompetent planning. A test is basically a device used for objective measurements and helps the clinician in arriving at a truthful diagnosis and in successful rehabilitation of the clients. Some tests are carried out only for adults and some only for children. There are even tests are efficient in testing all the age groups. The information obtained from an appropriate tests, reveal the childs or adults positives and negatives within his language system. Tests also help us to know how language processing might be disturbed in an individual after brain injury which there by helps us in intervention. Linguistic Profile Test (Prathiba Karanth, 1984) was designed with the objective of evaluating the linguistic competence of children by obtaining and analyzing adequate linguistic samples at the phonemic, syntactic and semantic levels. The test was designed originally in Kannada. The framework of the test is such that, it can be easily constructed in any language. Over the last few years, the test has been extensively used with clinical populations (both adults and children) and has been found clinically useful, both for evaluation and as a basis for rehabilitation and linguistic retraining of communicatively disabled (Prathiba Karanth, 1980). Need for the study Acquisition of reading and writing skills influences the functional status of the brain, and accordingly alters the performance on language tests. Thus, it is important to identify the degree of the impact of levels of both illiteracy and education as potential confounders on test performance in people with neurological communication disorders. Malayalam is a language which is considered as the mother tongue of Keralites where there are no standardized tests available for assessing language in literate and illiterate adults with norms. Language skills in literates and illiterates are different. Education-adjusted norms are necessary for an adequate interpretation of test results. Impaired language seen in an individual may be due to the impact of illiteracy rather than a brain damage. So it is important to distinguish the cause of language impairment observed in the patient is due to the impact of illiteracy or the actual cause is brain damage. There are only limited studies which address the performance of participants who are illiterates or participants with low education. So this study is an attempt to establish normative data on Linguistic Profile Test – Malayalam (Asha M.M, 1997) for adults who are literates and illiterates. This study is thought to yield a better understanding of differences in the performance of literates and illiterates, thereby aiding us in identifying the adults with language deficits and also the area of deficits. Aims of the Study To standardize LPT for adults who are literates and illiterates. To find out the differences in performance between literates and illiterates. To understand the impact of literacy in language.

Attendance Monitoring System for Sydney Hotel

Chapter 2 Methodology In order to come with good and quality software for the Sydney Hotel, the researchers had undergone into systematic and appropriate stages. Each stage that the researchers choose to venture is surely supplementary to the outcome of the study. Rapid Application Development Model On the other hand, the proponent made use of the RAD (Rapid Application Development) as their methodology. RAD (Rapid Application Development) is a development lifecycle designed to give much faster development and higher-quality results than those achieved with the traditional lifecycle.RAD is used by the researchers to develop a high quality system that can both meet the needs of the customers and the call of versatility of the model that can adopt with the changes of the real world requirements. The study will only cover up to the 3rd phase of the model excluding the Implementation or the Deployment Stage since this study is restricted for deployment. 2. 1 Requirements Planning/ Concep t Definition Phase In this phase, the proponents gathered information in the form of interview with the help of the Sydney Hotel manager Mr.Elmar Fabiala. Though he was busy to accommodate the request for an interview, he asked Mr. Erwin Genotiva, IT Head, to entertain the queries of the researchers. The interview that happened last January 12, 2013 and January 15, 2013 was conducted upon the availability of the interviewee. After gathering data, the researchers brainstormed and summarized the given information and had identified the requirements of the system to be built. The study will only focus on the attendance monitoring system of the hotel and not the system of the hotel as a whole.In order for the proponents to come up with the best output, the researchers also conducted an actual intervention/ observation on the hotel. This was to observe how the current attendance monitoring system of the hotel behaves. Through this activity the researchers were able to determine the input and output needs of the system. The main purpose of this research is to provide solution to the hotel’s state of dilemma with regards to their attendance monitoring system by developing a stand alone ttendance monitoring system. 2. 2 User Design/ Functional Design Phase The researchers will make use of the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), Context Diagram, and Data Flow Diagram (DFD) to chart the input, processes, and output of the business function in a structured graphical form. These diagrams will help the researchers to conceptualize the necessities in making the proposed attendance monitoring system for the Sydney Hotel. 2. 3 Construction/ Development StageIn this stage the researchers will utilize the information being collected from the first two phases to model the actual attendance monitoring system. They have also worked with the users, to design the outputs that satisfy the needs of the hotel. During this stage the researchers prefer to use VB. Net as their progr amming language in order to create a good form and screen designs. The recommended system design was highly patterned upon the needs of the company itself. The researchers will make a GUI (Graphical User Interface) out of the given resources.

To What Extent Did Communism And The Containment Policy...

To what extent did communist ideology lead to Truman s containment policy? The great historian and moralist Lord Acton once stated; â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.† The context of his statement was likely directed toward monarchies of the 1800’s but, his words speak truth that resonates still today. The opposing political ideologies of communism and capitalism both seek to balance power, promote fairness, and limit corruption. Both ideologies have very different paths to achieve this goal and every different social political, and economic organization. Communism is defined as a way of constructing a specific society where government owns the economy, there is no privately owned property, and total government control often implemented by force. Capitalism is the exact opposite because it is based on private ownership and an economy that is based on private production for profit supported by the value of personal freedom. The world is becoming a global economy and the ideology that dominates the globe wil l put countries that support it at an advantage. Communism often violent intolerance for what they think is ultimately destructive capitalism seems irrational. The prevent possible war by war or revolution seems like a struggle for absolute power. Harry S. Truman, wrote one of the most notable containment policies to try to contain communism; this document is called the Truman Doctrine. Specifically, to what extent did communistShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis831 Words   |  4 PagesWith this book, a major element of American history was analyzed. The Cold War is rampant with American foreign policy and influential in shaping the modern world. Strategies of Containment outlines American policy from the end of World War II until present day. 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Analysis Of The Book Heart Of Darkness - 1571 Words

This highly symbolic story is actually a story within a story, or frame narrative. It follows Marlow as he recounts, from dusk through to late night, his adventure into the Congo to a group of men aboard a ship anchored in the Thames Estuary. Heart of Darkness explores the issues surrounding imperialism in complicated ways. As Marlow travels from the Outer Station to the Central Station and finally up the river to the Inner Station, he encounters scenes of torture, cruelty, and near-slavery. At the very least, the incidental scenery of the book offers a harsh picture of colonial enterprise. The impetus behind Marlow’s adventures, too, has to do with the hypocrisy inherent in the rhetoric used to justify imperialism. The men who work for the Company describe what they do as â€Å"trade,† and their treatment of native Africans is part of a benevolent project of â€Å"civilization.† Kurtz, on the other hand, is open about the fact that he does not trade but rather t akes ivory by force, and he describes his own treatment of the natives with the words â€Å"suppression† and â€Å"extermination†: he does not hide the fact that he rules through violence and intimidation. His perverse honesty leads to his downfall, as his success threatens to expose the evil practices behind European activity in Africa. 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